Structure and Functions of Living Organisms
BIO 1.1 -Lillie Moreno
Understanding the relationship between the structures and functions of cells and their organelles.
CELL THEORY-
1.) All living things are composed of one or more cells
2.) Cells are the basic unit and function of an organism
3.) All cells come from existing cells
1.) All living things are composed of one or more cells
2.) Cells are the basic unit and function of an organism
3.) All cells come from existing cells
1.1.1 Summarize the structure and function of organelles in
eukaryotic cells (including the nucleus, plasma membrane,
cell wall, mitochondria, vacuoles, chloroplasts, and
ribosomes) and ways that these organelles interact with each
other to perform the function of the cell.
Cell Structure and Organelles
Chloroplast- (only in plant cells) turns solar energy into energy for the plant in the form of photosynthesis
Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane)- semi-permeable; controls what come in and goes out of cell with a phospholipid bilayer
Cell Wall- (only plant cells) similar to cell membrane but more rigid, helps support the plant
Mitochondria- where ATP (adenosine triphosphate), cells main energy source, is produced; location of cellular respiration
Nucleus- holds majority of cells genetic info using DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) as a blueprint for all cell activity
Ribosomes- where protein synthesis occurs
Vacuoles- stores fluids, water, and other organic material (waste)
Chloroplast- (only in plant cells) turns solar energy into energy for the plant in the form of photosynthesis
Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane)- semi-permeable; controls what come in and goes out of cell with a phospholipid bilayer
Cell Wall- (only plant cells) similar to cell membrane but more rigid, helps support the plant
Mitochondria- where ATP (adenosine triphosphate), cells main energy source, is produced; location of cellular respiration
Nucleus- holds majority of cells genetic info using DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) as a blueprint for all cell activity
Ribosomes- where protein synthesis occurs
Vacuoles- stores fluids, water, and other organic material (waste)
1.1.2 Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in terms of their
general structures (plasma membrane and genetic material)
and degree of complexity.
Prokaryotic cells were the first living things for millions of years, before the more advanced eukaryotic cells evolved. The main differences between the two of them is that the eukaryotic cells contain membrane bound organelles and the prokaryotic don't. The eukaryotic also has a nucleus, more than one chromosome, and are multicellular; while the prokaryotic cells are unicellular. Prokaryotic cells reproduce through binary fission and eukaryotic cells reproduce through mitoses or meiosis, depending on if they are eukaryotic sex cells.
1.1.3 Explain how instructions in DNA lead to cell differentiation and result in cells specialized to perform specific functions in multicellular organisms.
Structure and Functions of Living Organisms
BIO 1.2 -Lillie Moreno
Analyze the cell as a living system.
1.2.1 Explain how homeostasis is maintained in the cell and within an organism in various environments (including temperature and pH).
Cells have different ways in which they maintain homeostasis. Cellular transport is when the cell allows things to come in and out of its semi-permeable cell membrane. There are two different kinds of cell transport. The first is called active and it requires energy or ATP, the second is called passive which doesn't require energy or ATP.
Passive- This is when materials are being moved from an area of high concentration to a low concentration. This is also known as diffusion. The diffusion of water is called osmosis. Facilitated diffusion is a type of passive transport and is when a carrier protein helps to in the process of moving across a membrane through a channel.
Active- There are three types of active transport, there is the sodium- potassium pump, endocytosis, and exocytosis. The sodium-potassium pump is when it regulates the amount of sodium and potassium inside the cells. Endocytosis is when it moves large materials inside the cell. Finally, exocytosis is when it moves large materials out of the cell.
Passive- This is when materials are being moved from an area of high concentration to a low concentration. This is also known as diffusion. The diffusion of water is called osmosis. Facilitated diffusion is a type of passive transport and is when a carrier protein helps to in the process of moving across a membrane through a channel.
Active- There are three types of active transport, there is the sodium- potassium pump, endocytosis, and exocytosis. The sodium-potassium pump is when it regulates the amount of sodium and potassium inside the cells. Endocytosis is when it moves large materials inside the cell. Finally, exocytosis is when it moves large materials out of the cell.
Cells can only function within a certain range of temperature and pH. If the body gets above 108 degrees Fahrenheit or below 91 degrees Fahrenheit, then cells may begin to die.
In order to maintain homeostasis, the body will send signals, telling the blood vessels close to the skin to dilate. When this happens, blood flows closer to the surface of the skin and keeps it cool. If this doesn't work, then the body begins to sweat.
In order to maintain homeostasis, the body will send signals, telling the blood vessels close to the skin to dilate. When this happens, blood flows closer to the surface of the skin and keeps it cool. If this doesn't work, then the body begins to sweat.
1.2.2 Analyze how cells grow and reproduce in terms of interphase, mitosis and cytokinesis.
Mitosis- when the cell actually divides divides. Mitosis consists of four stages (PMAT) prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telephase. The outcome, two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell.
Prophase- when the chromosomes spiralize
Metaphase- when the chromosomes align their centromeres on the moddle and attach to spindle
Anaphase- when the chromatids (of each chromosome) split into daughter chromosomes and move to opposite poles
Telephase- two nuclei are formed at the different poles
The cell cycle starts with G1 phase and is where the cell begins to grow and mature, and then there is the S phase, where the cells DNA is replicated. Then the G2 phase is when the cell prepares for division and does any final things before it can. The G1, S, and G2 phase are all part of interphase, which is the longest phase in the cell cycle. After interphase is then mitoses and then after mitosis is cytokinesis. Cytokinesis is when the cell splits apart creating two identical daughter cells.
Prophase- when the chromosomes spiralize
Metaphase- when the chromosomes align their centromeres on the moddle and attach to spindle
Anaphase- when the chromatids (of each chromosome) split into daughter chromosomes and move to opposite poles
Telephase- two nuclei are formed at the different poles
The cell cycle starts with G1 phase and is where the cell begins to grow and mature, and then there is the S phase, where the cells DNA is replicated. Then the G2 phase is when the cell prepares for division and does any final things before it can. The G1, S, and G2 phase are all part of interphase, which is the longest phase in the cell cycle. After interphase is then mitoses and then after mitosis is cytokinesis. Cytokinesis is when the cell splits apart creating two identical daughter cells.
1.2.3 Explain how specific cell adaptations help cells survive in particular environments (focus on unicellular organisms).
In order to survive, cells, as well as other organisms do, made some adaptations.
Moving Around-
Gaining Energy-
some organisms can adapt to be heterotrophic (eat to gain energy), autotrophic (create own food through photosynthesis) or both.
Protection-
As the direct link to an overuse of antibiotics, some bacteria have become resistant. Especially if a patient prescribed the antibiotics doesn't finish them, the bacteria will get a feel for the antibiotics and will create a gene to become resistant. As the bacteria breed, this trait will be passed along and eventually become completely resistant.
Moving Around-
- some organisms (for example the amoeba) have adapted to using the pseudopodia, or false feet in Latin, to move around
- some unicellular organisms, like the euglena, move around using a flagellum
- and lastly, like the paramecium, some organisms move around using the cilia
Gaining Energy-
some organisms can adapt to be heterotrophic (eat to gain energy), autotrophic (create own food through photosynthesis) or both.
Protection-
As the direct link to an overuse of antibiotics, some bacteria have become resistant. Especially if a patient prescribed the antibiotics doesn't finish them, the bacteria will get a feel for the antibiotics and will create a gene to become resistant. As the bacteria breed, this trait will be passed along and eventually become completely resistant.